Fiscal Policy ( Private And Public ) - 1033 Words

For any economy, fiscal policy has two primary goals, an economic goal and a social goal. Regarding the economic goal, fiscal policy has to ensure suitable and sustainable economic growth rates that maintain unemployment rate at its natural level and at the same time do not generate inflationary pressures. At social level, on the other hand, fiscal policy has to ensure a degree of equity regarding the distribution of incomes in the economy, and to direct considerable part of available resources toward essential investments that provide necessary goods and services consumed mainly by the vast majority of population. 3.1 Evaluating the Economic Role of Fiscal Policy Investment spending (private and public) is the main engine to stimulate economic growth. Securing adequate savings is a prerequisite for any investment spending; however, investment projects need not just to secure adequate funding to cover their investment costs during construction periods, as they also need to secure adequate demand for their production to cover operational costs and to obtain appropriate return on investment during operational periods. While fiscal policy is playing a significant role in securing requirements of investment, domestic savings and aggregate demand for domestic production; then it is considered a governor element in determining the extent of investment prosperity and indispensible tool in correcting the imbalance between domestic investment, consumption and savings. 3.1.1Show MoreRelatedFiscal Policy as an Economic Stabilization Measure1604 Words   |  7 PagesFISCAL POLICY AS AN ECONOMIC STABILIZATION MEASURE Fiscal Policy refers to the various decisions undertaken by the government regarding public expenditures and revenue. There are a large number of sub-policies that are encompassed by the fiscal system. But all the policies can be broadly categorized as being either ‘Public Expenditure’ or ‘Public Revenue’. It can be said that the fiscal policy is a direct government intervention in the economic processes of an economy. The fiscal policyRead MoreDifference Between Aggregate Demand And The Price Level1747 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough its fiscal policy and the federal bank through its monetary policy try to influence aggregate demand to influence the overall economy. For example, an increase in the nominal money stock, as a result of monetary expansion policy, leads to a higher real money stock at each level of prices. In the asset market, the decrease in interest rates induces the public to hold higher real balances. It stimulates the aggregate demand and thereby increases overall economic activities and growth. Fiscal policyRead More Role Of Government In Mixed Economies Such As Australia Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesCommonwealth government using fiscal and monetary policies to influence the Australian economy? What are the main features of the governments micro economic policy? Why is the government concerned about microeconomic reform? Synopsis: The role of government in Australia today has less influence on the market than they did a decade ago. It function now is to provide a stable internal and external balance under which the market can function. This is achieved through the use of fiscal, monetary and microeconomicRead MoreFiscal And The New Classical Macro Models Analysis953 Words   |  4 PagesThe effectiveness of fiscal police to stimulate economic activities has been a polemic topic for several years. This controversy exists basically due to differences between the Keynesian and the New Classical macro models analysis. However, what it is clear is that the government has the tools to adjust to positive or negative responses of economic fluctuations. Fiscal and monetary policies must be timely adjusted to overpass economic phasedowns using government spending or taxes. Consequently, goodRead MoreDiscuss the Ways in Which the Government May Use Fiscal Policy to Help the Economy Grow Out of a Recession1076 Words   |  5 Pages‘Discuss the ways in which the government may use Fiscal policy to help the economy grow out of a recession. Reference must be made to some policies that the current government has actually use’ Fiscal policy involves the use of government spending, taxation and borrowing to affect the level and growth of aggregate demand, output and jobs. Fiscal policy is also used to change the pattern of spending on goods and services. It is also a means by which a redistribution of income amp; wealth can beRead MoreMonetary Policy in Pakistan1045 Words   |  5 PagesMonetary policy in Pakistan | By Dr. M. Hanif Akhtar,   Department of Commerce,   B. Z. University, Multan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aug 28 - Sep 03, 2000Monetary policy in Pakistan has been used in co-ordination with the fiscal policy to achieve both the objectives of macro-economic stability and higher economic growth. The government supervises monetary situation of economy through the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). This article attempts to present an overviewRead MoreEurozone Crisis Essay887 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean Union as a whole, with some peripheral countries experiencing larger increments. In what came to be known as the â€Å"Eurozone Crisis†, many peripheral countries, particularly Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, put in place policies of fiscal consolidation, aimed at tax hikes and budget cuts, and structural reforms along the lines proposed by the EU leaders and the ECB. The large budget deficits and high sovereign debts in these countries made market participants wary of lendingRead MoreThe Impact Of Neoclassical Economics On The Economy Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment policy as the laws of supply and demand will be self-correcting. John Maynard Keynes was an important figure that worked to apply fiscal policy that would remedy an economic depression. Keynes’s idea of fiscal policy is the means by which government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence the economy. Further, Keynes is known as the father of â€Å"Mixed Economy†, in which both the private sector (households and privately owned businesses) and public sector (government)Read MoreDiscuss The Best Option For Australia And Will Justify The Rationale1706 Words   |  7 Pagesmonetary and fiscal policies has been specifically aimed at reducing inflation and implementing policies for sustained economic growth. This paper will present a discussion on the definitions of each policy while examining their role in economy. Based on the obtained insights, the paper will discuss the best option for Australia and will justify the rationale. In the end, the discussion will be given a conclusive shape in which the key learning will be summarized and future context of policy implementationsRead MoreEconomic Studies And Political Science1595 Words   |  7 PagesName : Abdelmonem Lotfy Mohamed Kamal Position: Assistant Professor of Economics and Public Finance : Faculty of Economic Studies and Political Science : Beni Suef University : Egypt E-mail : alotfy@eps.bsu.edu.eg Mailing Address: (9/8) Alshatr (2) Mashroo Iskan Sherket Almaadi, Zahraa Almaadi, Cairo, Egypt â€Å"Testing the Relation between Government Spending and Private Consumption in Egypt† Introduction: During the period 2004

William Shakespeare s Hamlet - Morality And Religion

Morality Religion in â€Å"Hamlet† In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet,† the prince of Denmark embarks on a quest of revenge against his Uncle Claudius, the new king, for the assassination of his father. In the beginning, Hamlet was contemplating suicide with the news of his father’s sudden death and the quick marriage of his mother, Gertrude and Uncle Claudius, but decides not to by virtue of being a sin. In the play â€Å"Hamlet,† Shakespeare examines the role of suicide in morality and religion providing a new perception into how they affect each other, and how both belief guide characters motives. The play was written during a significant time in England, the Elizabethan era was filled with the clashing of monarchs on religion. The tension between Catholicism and Protestantism caused discord amongst the royal families. This discord caused strife amongst the people leading to hard times and violence. Preston Thomas Robert, Jr. speculates â€Å"there is a tension between secular and religious morality.† (8) Between the Greek and Christian aspects upon which â€Å"attitudes are played out carefully into the various characters: Horatio, the skeptic; Marcellus, the good Catholic; and later Hamlet, the Protestant from Wittenberg.† (Robert, 7) Horatio demonstrates his skepticism in the opening act of the play: Horatio: What, has this thing appeared again tonight? Bernardo: I have seen nothing. Marcellus: Horatio says ‘tis but our fantasy, And will not let belief take hold of him.Show MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesTo be, or not to be; that s the question† (Act III, Scene 1, P.1127) is of the most widely circulated lines. As we all know, it is also the most important part of the drama, â€Å"Hamlet†, which is one of the most famous tragedy in the literature written by William Shakespeare between from 1599 to1602. The drama was written at the age of Renaissance that reflects the reality of the British society in sixteenth century to early seventeenth century. During that period, Britain was in the era of reverseRead MoreNature Of Society In Shakespeares Hamlet1359 Words   |  6 Pagesof society in the written text(s) â€Å"To be or not to be† is a world famous question asked by Hamlet whose words resonate because he is able to recognise an uncomfortable and powerful truth, simply living is not being. The play Hamlet was written between 1599-1602 by world renowned poet ‘William Shakespeare.’ Being, as Hamlet frames it, requires doing; yet, the power of thought is the very capacity that makes us human, restrains action. Throughout this play, Shakespeare showcases the nature of societyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Morality Of Hamlet- Sweet Prince Or Arrant Knave Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary critic of Hamlet, Patrick Cruttwell, explores in his writing titled The morality of Hamlet- ‘Sweet Prince or ‘Arrant Knave’? the purpose of religion during Elizabethan times to set moral value sets that often conflicted with man’s nature. Additionally, Cruttwell states the actions in the play aggressively clash with the religious values of the tim e period. Shakespeare illustrates throughout the play that not abiding by the only moral structure of the time period, religion, man is doomed toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet, Prince Of Denmark1584 Words   |  7 Pages The drama Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is a renowned play that was written by William Shakespeare, it portrays love, tragedy, gluttony, and of course vengeance. Hamlet is a character that was perhaps the best dramatic person to be created in such a play. He is, in fact, irresponsible, however careful, polite, yet rude, affectionate, but cruel. People may, in fact, feel that this play is troubling, or maybe overwhelming, on the other hand, William Shakespeare possibly wrote this play over an incidentRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1931 Words   |  8 Pages William Shakespeare is an English Poet known for his famous dramatized writings. Shakespeare was born in the United Kingdom in April. Here are some of his legendary texts: â€Å"Macbeth†, â€Å"Julius Caesar†, and â€Å"Hamlet†. â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet† was written during the sixteenth century and was performed in 1609. Shakespeare writes this tragedy to reveal the roles of women during the Middle Ages. Back then females were referred as noblewomen and were expected to do the following: run households, take careRead MoreSummary Of The Prince During The 1500 S1622 Words   |  7 Pages sounds like a good trait to have. However, characters that are true Machiavellian’s believe that the end justifies the mean, making them the worst kind of villain. Nicolà ² Machiavelli was most famous for writing the essay The Prince during the 1500’s, which emphasized the need for stability, rather than fairness. The text was written as a guide to keeping power above all else. As Machiavelli has proved to be both repellent and enticing, the message of his essay has often been misinterpreted. TheRead More Complacence as a Facet of Insanity in Hamlet Essay2539 Words   |  11 PagesEffectively, Shakespeare’s Hamlet, a character of vast intellect appears to contradict the commonplace mould of human personality, whereas in typical occurrences lunacy occurs as a direct result of conscious deterioration, it is the progression of Hamlet’s mind which amplifies his already present insanity. Though, the essence, of his state of mind remains slightly unclear. Hamlet is unable to come to terms with the lack of individuality he sees amongst himself and his kin, and for Hamlet whom is able to reachRead MoreEssay on William Shakespear es Hamlet2393 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet There are enough conceptions, and thus misconceptions, about the melancholy Dane to fill volumes. However, while none of them has proved entirely acceptable, some of them, such as the diagnoses that Hamlet simply â€Å"procrastinates† or â€Å"cannot make up his mind† prove utterly unsatisfactory under careful scrutiny of the play and, perhaps more importantly, Hamlet himself. Indeed, it appears as if there are certain points in the play in which Hamlet comes to reversalsRead Moreâ€Å"the Spirit of Renaissance and Elizabethan Era†5448 Words   |  22 Pagescentury to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that many cultural historians believe originated in Tuscany in the 14th century. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as the age of Shakespeare or the Elizabethan era, the first period in English and British history to be named after a reigning monarch. Renaissance literally means rebirth. It refers especially to the rebirth of learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth

Affirmitive Action Reverse Discrimination Free Essays

string(121) " for 200 seats which meant that some qualified students were rejected to make way for less Baker 5 qualified minorities\." Baker 1 Jennifer Baker Reverse Discrimination Even though slavery has not been a part of America for over a century now, racial discrimination still exists in various parts of our culture. A controversial policy known as affirmative action was introduced in the 1960’s to try and promote racial equality in society. Affirmative action is supposed to give minorities an equal chance in life by requiring minority employment, promotions, college acceptance, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmitive Action: Reverse Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now At first this sounds like a perfect solution to racial discrimination, but in reality it is discrimination in reverse. The term â€Å"affirmative action† was first used back in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy in an executive order designed to encourage racially mixed work forces. He stated that contractors should â€Å"take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin. † (Affirmative Action) Then in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed which prohibited employment discrimination based on race or sex. The Civil Rights activists continued to argue that minorities weren’t going to be able to compete with the more qualified applicants after having suffered discrimination for so long. So in 1969 President Nixon made it a federal policy that a certain percentage of minorities must be hired in the workplace. Quickly affirmative Baker 2 action changed from being a policy that ensured equal opportunity to being one that gave unfair advantages to minorities. Affirmative action has remained controversial throughout the years, finding itself in and out of the courts. One of the most famous cases was Fullilove vs. Klutznick, which took place in 1980. The ruling stated that setting aside 10 percent of the hiring for minorities was constitutional. Fortunately in 1996 proposition 209 was passed in California which ended affirmative action throughout the state. This was definitely a breakthrough, but the effects of affirmative action still linger. Many businesses and corporations still give preference to minorities even if they are less qualified. Employers fear that lawsuits will be filed stating that applicants were turned down because of their race. Renowned author and political activist Nathan Glazer, has been against affirmative action since its beginning. Glazer believes that the olicy became controversial when it went beyond the ideas of the Civil Rights Act and started requiring employers to hire or promote a certain number of minority applicants or employees. In order to make sure that affirmative action was taking place, federal courts started enforcing â€Å"quotas† or â€Å"goals† for specific numbers of minority hiring. If these were met, lawsuits based on racial discrimination would be less valid. Say s Glazer, â€Å"Affirmative action has become a matter of setting statistical goals or quotas by race for employment†¦ the expectations of color blindness that was Baker 3 paramount in the 1960’s has been replaced by a rigid frame of numerical requirements. †(Glazer, 6) Those who oppose quotas and goals are said to be opposers of the Civil Rights Act, even though the affirmative action of today is not what the Civil Rights Act embodied. Glazer compares the misinterpretation of the Civil Rights Act to the desegregation of schools. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional. The idea of racially integrated schools, like racially integrated workplaces, is an excellent one. However, the desegregation of schools has made busing a necessity. Busing, although not in use today, is when students are transferred to another school for purposes of racial integration. It is costly to run all the buses and the commuting is hard on the students. Those opposing busing are said to agree with the segregation of schools. (Glazer, 10) The desegregation of schools was also mentioned in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Initially this seemed a fair proposal, but just as affirmative action became detrimental in the workplaces, integrating minorities in schools turned into numerical requirements. Can you imagine busing programs being used across the United States today? The scary truth is that once one of these ideas is adopted in one city, any other city can then follow suit. For example, if Santa Cruz County were granted the right to require a 15 percent Hispanic student enrollment in all high schools within the county lines, any other city could also put this idea into practice based on precedent. The assignment of students Baker 4 based on race would cause an endless stream of angry parents. Fortunately busing is in the past, but affirmative action still has its claws in the school system. A few weeks ago I was watching a 60 Minutes segment about a white girl who had filed a lawsuit against the University of Michigan claiming that they did not accept her because of her race. She had graduated from high school with a high GPA and had done everything in her power to become qualified for acceptance, yet she was denied admission. Further research showed that the University of Michigan does in fact admit students based on race. When reading applications, they award points according to criteria. For example, if one writes a good essay he is awarded 1 point and if he is a minority he is awarded 20 points. Something is askew. Is being a minority is 20 times more important than one’s scholarly achievements? The University’s argument is that students learn better in a racially diverse environment. UC Davis is another example. In 1988 only 40 percent of Davis’ freshman class had been accepted solely on the basis of merit. While whites or Asian-Americans needed at least a 3. 7 GPA in high school to be accepted, most minority applicants were accepted even though they met much lower standards. Sixty-six percent of the whites graduated while only twenty-seven percent of blacks did. Even as recently as 1997 one was more likely to get accepted into UCLA if he were black or Hispanic than if he were white. The minority students had both lower GPA’s and test scores. There were 5000 applicants for 200 seats which meant that some qualified students were rejected to make way for less Baker 5 qualified minorities. You read "Affirmitive Action: Reverse Discrimination" in category "Papers" (Chances of Admission) This does not sound like an equal society. In 1995 the University of California system voted to end all affirmative action in admissions. When the changes took effect in 1998, minority enrollment went down drastically. This seems prejudicial, but in reality it is fair and allows competition between the best, regardless of race. Everyone has an equal opportunity to receive an education. Public schools are free and it is mandatory that children attend them. Any student can take full advantage of their first 12 years of education and earn the GPA that will gain them admission into a college. If a student is born into a poor family there are scholarships and student loans available. Malcom X is a perfect example of someone choosing to rise up and get an education. Early in his life he made very unwise choices and ended up a pimp. When he was caught and thrown in jail he decided to begin educating himself. All he had was a dictionary but he used that dictionary and copied down every page. He went from being an illiterate street pimp to a very influential political leader. Affirmative action wasn’t around in Malcom’s time, but today everybody knows about it or has at least heard the term used. The first time I heard about affirmative action was when my brother first started working at Ralph’s supermarket. There was a black woman working there who was very slow and unproductive. One day my brother asked a fellow employee why the lady didn’t lose her job and he said, â€Å"She’s here for affirmative action reasons. † It turned out that whenever the lady was scheduled for a shift, another Baker 6 worker was also scheduled just to make up for the inefficiency of the black lady. My brother’s boss feared a lawsuit if he fired her. This is ridiculous! It is a costly arrangement and unfair to the lady hired just to take up slack for someone else’s laziness. The policy of affirmative action basically states that in order to have an integrated society with equal opportunities for all races, minorities must be given an advantage to make up for their disadvantages. This means that less qualified applicants are getting hired and that students who do not meet the requirements for college admission are being accepted while qualified students are being turned away, all based on race. The Constitution bans the exclusion of minorities from anything based on color, therefore it is unconstitutional to exclude whites based on the same principles. The lesson of great decisions of the Supreme Court and the lesson of contemporary history have been the same for at least a generation: discrimination on the basis of race is illegal, immoral, unconstitutional, inherently wrong, and destructive of democratic society. †(Gross, 1) Affirmative action is asking us to overlook all that we’ve learned and even fought for. Since affirmative action is s uch a hot topic and it affects our country as a whole, it’s important to know how the presidential candidates view this subject. Vice President Al Gore tends to favor the policy while Governor George Bush disagrees with it. Gore’s idea is â€Å"mend it, don’t end it. †(Al Gore) He says that affirmative action has done a lot for women and minorities over the years and that to get rid of it would be a waste. He has yet Baker 7 to provide a way to fix it. Bush argues against quotas and goals and proposes an alternative to this policy, one he has used in Texas. He terms his system of ideas and policies â€Å"affirmative access†. (George Bush) His idea leans more towards the original thinking of the Civil Rights Act and promoting equal opportunity. An example is that the top 10 percent of each high school’s graduates be automatically accepted into the college of their choice. Supposedly the idea has been effective over the past couple of years in Texas. Both candidates have good points. Affirmative action has helped reduce minorities’ and women’s suffering prejudices in the workplace and in school, but on the other hand it has been taken to the extreme and the prejudices have been turned around. We need to get back to the heart of what the original affirmative action intended. Racial prejudices need to be eliminated completely. We are all the same on the inside. There is no reason to consider outward appearances. Employers and colleges only need to look at the applicants’ qualifications when determining who will be hired or accepted. Affirmative action could also use a face-lift, like the name change Bush suggested. When the term â€Å"affirmative action† is used, it is looked upon negatively and is associated with discrimination. A law that requires the acceptance of the most qualified would allow competition of the best and eliminate the issues of minority prejudices. If no regard is given to race, as Kennedy intended, then only the most qualified applicant will be accepted. This is fair. Baker 8 Affirmative action has, in a way, become unfair to minorities. What is going to make them strive to be the best by working hard to get that promotion or studying hard to get those grades if they know they have an easy in? It has become an insult to minorities. Affirmative action is basically saying that they are not as smart or as qualified to be in good schools or in good jobs. It is saying that they need special help to get jobs and into colleges. It is a mockery. I know so many smart minority people who will transfer into better colleges than I and I’m as white as they come! I sat next to a girl this semester who was so intelligent and had the most amazing style of writing. She was a mix of Indian and black. We must not insult these people by suggesting that we must compensate for their â€Å"inferiority† to make everyone equal in the eyes of the law. We were all created equal, and anyone, black, white, or any other race, can choose to set higher goals and achieve them just as Malcom X did. The old affirmative action is outdated. The premise that minorities should be given an advantage to make up for their disadvantages is ridiculous and irrelevant. Most of the minorities coming into the work force were born after the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 and therefore have not suffered disadvantages in school or the workplace. If anything, they have reaped the benefits of affirmative action. California and Texas, as well as a few other states, have begun to take major steps in eliminating affirmative action. It is a start but it needs to spread. We are all equal and absolutely no regard should be given to Baker 9 race in education or employment. It is time to end the old affirmative action. We need a policy that eliminates the issue of race completely. How to cite Affirmitive Action: Reverse Discrimination, Papers